P4.1: Functional Safety - PFD calculation First Part
A continuous probability distribution is indicated with f(x) and is usually called Probability Density Function (PDF). It is expressed by an equation and it can be represented as in the Figure 1.5 {1.4.2.1}. The bell curve is just an example of a pos...
Process Safety
Robots and their parts : ISO 10218-1
We all know that robots are the beating heart of robotic islands, and their use is becoming more and more widespread for the automation of industrial processes; knowing their importance, let us now analyze the parts from which it is composed.
Machinery Safety
P5: Functional Safety - PFD Calculation Second part
In the first part of the article we introduced the concepts of Unreliability function F(t) and of Reliability Function R(t). The former is the base for the parameter PFD(t) and the one used to indicate the reliability of a Safety Instrumented Functio...
Process Safety
The dynamics of dust explosions
Usually explosions in civil environments, such as homes, or industrial environments, such as factories, are due to gas leaks.
However, there are also explosions due to the presence of potentially explosive Powders, such as flour, sugar, or even metal...
ATEX Risk
Hazardous Locations: The ATEX Classification in the U.S. and Canada
The standards applied in the North American world in the field of explosive safety, (which take NFPA 2,70,497,499,500,505 as a reference), differ from those applied in the European world, but their ultimate goal is to ensure ideal conditions by limit...
ATEX Risk
P6: The average probability of dangerous failure per hour (PFH)
In the previous articles we explored the Parameter PFDavg: Average Probability of Failure on Demand. It is used to indicate the reliability of a Safety Instrumented System operating in Low demand. We will now explore the domain of Safety-related Cont...
Process Safety
Is the Escape release of guard locking compulsory?
The doubt: Is an Escape Release compulsory?
Machinery Safety
P7: Functional Safety in High demand - ISO 13849-1 categories
ISO 13849-1 is intended to be used in the design and evaluation of safety-related parts of the control system (SRP/CS) and only the part of the control system that is safety-related falls under the scope of the standard. It applies to SRP/CS for high...
Process Safety
P9: a comparison between RBD and Markov models for the analysis of Safety Instrumented Systems
Within this article, the main international standards involved in Functional Safety and how they apply the Reliability Engineering Theory are investigated.
Process Safety
Protective and Preventive Measures
In general, Risk Reduction happens through both preventive measures, which reduce the frequency, and
mitigating or Protective measures, which reduce the severity,
Machinery Safety
PT 10: Functional safety in high demand:The Markov model of Category 2 according to ISO 13849-1
This article is part of a series of articles written on Functional Safety of Machinery. Last year we presented the Category B, 1 and 2. Category 2 is the most difficult to understand since it is in theory a single channel architecture but that allows...
Process Safety
