{"id":51824,"date":"2026-03-30T16:12:56","date_gmt":"2026-03-30T15:12:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.gt-engineering.it\/?post_type=normativa_tecnica&p=51824"},"modified":"2026-03-31T08:05:50","modified_gmt":"2026-03-31T07:05:50","slug":"iso-tr-13849-32026-calcul-de-la-frequence-de-defaillance-pfh-a-partir-dun-modele-de-markov","status":"publish","type":"normativa_tecnica","link":"https:\/\/www.gt-engineering.it\/fr\/reglements-techniques\/normes-en-iso\/iso-tr-13849-32026-calcul-de-la-frequence-de-defaillance-pfh-a-partir-dun-modele-de-markov\/","title":{"rendered":"ISO\/TR 13849-3:2026 – Calcul de la fr\u00e9quence de d\u00e9faillance (PFH) \u00e0 partir d’un mod\u00e8le de Markov"},"content":{"rendered":"\n\n \n \n \n
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Ce document repr\u00e9sente la troisi\u00e8me partie de la s\u00e9rie ISO 13849. Il est publi\u00e9 sous forme de Rapport Technique, ce qui signifie qu\u2019il ne sera pas une norme harmonis\u00e9e au titre du R\u00e8glement Machines<\/a>. N\u00e9anmoins, il peut \u00eatre utilis\u00e9 pour calculer la fiabilit\u00e9 d\u2019un syst\u00e8me de s\u00e9curit\u00e9.<\/p>\n<\/div> <\/div>\n \n \n

<\/div>\n \n\n <\/div>\n <\/section>\n\n \n\n\n\n\n \n \n \n
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\n Un peu d\u2019histoire de l\u2019ISO 13849-1 <\/h2>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n \n \n
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\u00c0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 1990, les parties prenantes impliqu\u00e9es dans la r\u00e9daction de l\u2019EN 954-1 ont reconnu la n\u00e9cessit\u00e9 d\u2019inclure l\u2019\u00e9lectronique programmable dans les syst\u00e8mes de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 des machines. Bien que l\u2019\u00e9lectronique soit d\u00e9j\u00e0 couverte par l\u2019EN 954-1, la norme ne comportait pas d\u2019exigences d\u00e9taill\u00e9es concernant le logiciel.<\/p>\n

Pour combler cette lacune, la norme devait \u00e9voluer vers une approche probabiliste, similaire \u00e0 celle utilis\u00e9e dans la s\u00e9rie IEC 61508. Par cons\u00e9quent, la r\u00e9vision menant \u00e0 la deuxi\u00e8me \u00e9dition de l\u2019ISO 13849-1 a combin\u00e9 l\u2019approche d\u00e9terministe de l\u2019EN 954-1 avec les m\u00e9thodes probabilistes de l\u2019IEC 61508, introduisant pour la premi\u00e8re fois des exigences relatives au logiciel.<\/p>\n

Pour l\u2019\u00e9dition 2006 de l\u2019ISO 13849-1<\/a>,<\/strong> des math\u00e9maticiens de l\u2019IFA ont d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 des mod\u00e8les de Markov afin de soutenir l\u2019\u00e9valuation de la fiabilit\u00e9. Toutefois, en pratique, le niveau de fiabilit\u00e9 n\u2019est pas calcul\u00e9 directement \u00e0 l\u2019aide de formules, mais en se r\u00e9f\u00e9rant au Tableau K.1.<\/p>\n<\/div> <\/div>\n \n \n

<\/div>\n \n\n <\/div>\n <\/section>\n\n \n\n\n\n\n \n \n \n
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\n IEC 62061 <\/h2>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n \n \n
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La premi\u00e8re \u00e9dition de l\u2019IEC 62061<\/strong><\/a> a \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9e en 2005, et la derni\u00e8re \u00e9dition date de 2021. Il s\u2019agit de la norme alternative utilis\u00e9e pour d\u00e9terminer le niveau de fiabilit\u00e9 des syst\u00e8mes de commande li\u00e9s \u00e0 la s\u00e9curit\u00e9.<\/p>\n

D\u00e9riv\u00e9e de la s\u00e9rie IEC 61508, l\u2019IEC 62061 adopte une approche enti\u00e8rement probabiliste et fournit des formules explicites pour chaque type d\u2019architecture de sous-syst\u00e8me de base.<\/p>\n

Depuis son introduction, les fabricants de machines se sont souvent interrog\u00e9s sur la n\u00e9cessit\u00e9 de disposer de deux normes distinctes traitant du m\u00eame sujet. Cette question a \u00e9t\u00e9 fortement soulev\u00e9e au sein des comit\u00e9s techniques, conduisant \u00e0 une tentative de fusion de l\u2019ISO 13849-1 et de l\u2019IEC 62061 en une seule norme (ISO\/IEC 17305). Un groupe de travail conjoint ISO\/IEC a \u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9 \u00e0 cet effet, mais le projet n\u2019a finalement pas abouti.<\/p>\n

L\u2019une des principales diff\u00e9rences entre les deux normes r\u00e9side dans leurs m\u00e9thodes de calcul : l\u2019ISO 13849-1 utilise le Tableau K.1 pour estimer les valeurs de PFH, tandis que l\u2019IEC 62061 repose sur des formules analytiques. Toutefois, le Tableau K.1 est essentiellement une simplification d\u00e9riv\u00e9e des mod\u00e8les de Markov sous-jacents associ\u00e9s aux cinq cat\u00e9gories d\u00e9finies dans l\u2019ISO 13849-1.<\/p>\n<\/div> <\/div>\n \n \n

<\/div>\n \n\n <\/div>\n <\/section>\n\n \n\n\n\n\n \n \n \n
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\n Des mod\u00e8les de Markov aux formules : ISO\/TR 13849-3 <\/h2>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n \n \n
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En 2017, des math\u00e9maticiens de l\u2019IFA ont publi\u00e9 un document interne d\u00e9montrant que les mod\u00e8les de Markov utilis\u00e9s dans l\u2019ISO 13849-1 pouvaient \u00e9galement \u00eatre simplifi\u00e9s en formules analytiques.<\/p>\n

Un point cl\u00e9 de ce travail est que ces formules ressemblent fortement \u00e0 celles utilis\u00e9es dans l\u2019IEC 62061.<\/p>\n

Cette d\u00e9couverte a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 motiver la r\u00e9daction de notre ouvrage<\/strong><\/a> sur la s\u00e9curit\u00e9 fonctionnelle, qui met en \u00e9vidence le fait que les derni\u00e8res \u00e9ditions, ISO 13849-1:2023 et IEC 62061:2021, sont d\u00e9sormais largement align\u00e9es dans leur approche globale. Bien que des diff\u00e9rences terminologiques subsistent (par exemple, l\u2019ISO utilise \u00ab Safety-Related Parts of Control Systems \u00bb (SRP\/CS), tandis que l\u2019IEC utilise \u00ab Safety-related Control Systems \u00bb (SCS)), les deux normes se r\u00e9f\u00e8rent essentiellement au m\u00eame concept.<\/p>\n

Le document interne de l\u2019IFA a ensuite \u00e9t\u00e9 approfondi et int\u00e9gr\u00e9 au processus formel de normalisation ISO. Apr\u00e8s des discussions entre les organismes membres et le passage par les \u00e9tapes officielles, il a finalement \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9 en Mars 2026 sous le nom ISO\/TR 13849-3.<\/strong><\/p>\n

L\u2019ISO\/TR 13849-3 peut \u00eatre utilis\u00e9e pour calculer le PFH (probabilit\u00e9 de d\u00e9faillance dangereuse par heure) d\u2019un sous-syst\u00e8me d\u2019une mani\u00e8re similaire \u00e0 l\u2019IEC 62061. Elle fournit des r\u00e9sultats plus pr\u00e9cis que les valeurs simplifi\u00e9es donn\u00e9es dans le Tableau K.1 de l\u2019ISO 13849-1.<\/p>\n

Une explication de la Cat\u00e9gorie 2 (1001D) est disponible dans cet article<\/a>.<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div> <\/div>\n \n \n

<\/div>\n \n\n <\/div>\n <\/section>\n\n \n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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