{"id":48198,"date":"2025-07-01T10:10:44","date_gmt":"2025-07-01T09:10:44","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.gt-engineering.it\/?post_type=approfondimento&p=48198"},"modified":"2025-07-09T08:09:55","modified_gmt":"2025-07-09T07:09:55","slug":"lenergie-de-passage-dans-les-protections-electriques","status":"publish","type":"approfondimento","link":"https:\/\/www.gt-engineering.it\/fr\/approfondissement\/securite-electrique\/lenergie-de-passage-dans-les-protections-electriques\/","title":{"rendered":"L’ \u00e9nergie coup\u00e9e limit\u00e9e"},"content":{"rendered":"\n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n\n \n \n \n
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\n Consid\u00e9ration 1 : L\u2019\u00e9nergie \u00e9lectrique <\/h2>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n \n \n
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Comme nous le savons, les composants \u00e9lectriques ont une dur\u00e9e de vie limit\u00e9e, qui est affect\u00e9e par l\u2019\u00e9nergie qu\u2019ils subissent. L\u2019\u00e9nergie \u00e9lectrique, telle qu\u2019exprim\u00e9e par le physicien britannique James Prescott Joule, est donn\u00e9e comme suit :<\/p>\n<\/div> <\/div>\n \n \n

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Q = I^2 * R<\/strong>, d\u2019o\u00f9 l\u2019on d\u00e9duit I^2 * t = Q \/ R<\/strong>, soit le courant traversant une r\u00e9sistance pendant une unit\u00e9 de temps [A^2\u00b7s]<\/strong>, \u00e9quivalent \u00e0 [Joule\/Ohm].<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div> <\/div>\n \n \n

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Prenons l’exemple d\u2019un courant de court-circuit de 10 kA sur une ligne. Si le disjoncteur est modulaire (MCB), il ouvre normalement en 30 ms. Pendant cet intervalle, le c\u00e2ble est soumis \u00e0 une \u00e9nergie coup\u00e9e limit\u00e9e th\u00e9orique de I^2\u00b7t = 3\u00b710^6 [A^2\u00b7s].<\/p>\n<\/div> <\/div>\n \n \n

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\n Consid\u00e9ration 2 : Courant de court-circuit pr\u00e9sum\u00e9 <\/h2>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n \n \n \r\n\r\n \r\n \r\n \r\n \r\n \r\n \r\n \r\n \r\n \r\n \r\n <\/picture>\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n \r\n \r\n <\/div>\n \n
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Cette valeur serait correcte si l\u2019on ne tenait pas compte des propri\u00e9t\u00e9s de limitation de l’\u00e9nergie coup\u00e9e limit\u00e9e du dispositif de protection, qui limite l\u2019\u00e9nergie pendent le ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne de court-circuit.<\/p>\n

Un concept important est celui du courant pr\u00e9sum\u00e9<\/strong> de court-circuit: courant qui circulerait dans le circuit si chaque p\u00f4le de l\u2019appareil de connexion ou le fusible \u00e9tait remplac\u00e9 par un conducteur d\u2019imp\u00e9dance n\u00e9gligeable.<\/p>\n<\/div> <\/div>\n \n \n

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[IEC 60947-1:2008 ]: 3.7.5 \u00a0courant pr\u00e9sum\u00e9<\/strong> (d\u2019un circuit et relatif \u00e0 un appareil de connexion ou \u00e0 un fusible) courant qui circulerait dans <\/em>le circuit si chaque p\u00f4le de l\u2019appareil de connexion ou le fusible \u00e9tait remplac\u00e9 par un conducteur d\u2019imp\u00e9dance n\u00e9gligeable<\/em>
\nNote 1 \u00e0 l’article: La m\u00e9thode \u00e0 employer pour \u00e9valuer et pour exprimer le courant pr\u00e9sum\u00e9 doit \u00eatre sp\u00e9cifi\u00e9e<\/em><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

En r\u00e9alit\u00e9, comme on le voit sur le graphique, le courant de court-circuit effectif est beaucoup plus faible. Cela s\u2019explique par le fait que l\u2019ouverture du dispositif ne provoque pas l\u2019arr\u00eat imm\u00e9diat du courant, celui-ci continue \u00e0 circuler, att\u00e9nu\u00e9 par l\u2019effet de l\u2019arc \u00e9lectrique.<\/p>\n

Le courant de court-circuit effectif, ou courant de d\u00e9faut, est le courant qui traverse un circuit lors d\u2019un court-circuit, c\u2019est-\u00e0-dire un lien \u00e0 r\u00e9sistance pratiquement nulle entre deux points de potentiel diff\u00e9rent.<\/p>\n<\/div> <\/div>\n \n \n

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\n Consid\u00e9ration 3 : L\u2019\u00e9nergie coup\u00e9e limit\u00e9e <\/h2>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n \n \n
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On suppose ici une fr\u00e9quence r\u00e9seau de 50 Hz, soit une p\u00e9riode de 20 ms.<\/p>\n<\/div> <\/div>\n \n \n

<\/div>\n \n\n <\/div>\n <\/section>\n\n \n\n\n\n\n \n \n \n
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Les sollicitations thermiques et dynamiques lors d\u2019un court-circuit sont proportionnelles \u00e0 I^2\u00b7t, o\u00f9 I^2 est le carr\u00e9 du courant de court-circuit et le temps n\u00e9cessaire \u00e0 la protection pour l\u2019interrompre.<\/p>\n

Pendent l\u2019\u00e9limination du court-circuit lib\u00e8re une \u00e9nergie que le dispositif de protection laisse passer. Celle-ci est transform\u00e9e en chaleur et d\u00e9finie comme l\u2019L’ \u00e9nergie coup\u00e9e limit\u00e9e (ou int\u00e9grale de Joule). Elle d\u00e9pend de l\u2019intensit\u00e9 du courant de court-circuit et de la dur\u00e9e pendant laquelle il agit.<\/p>\n<\/div> <\/div>\n \n \n

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\n Consid\u00e9ration 4 : \u00c9nergie supportable par les c\u00e2bles <\/h2>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n \n \n \r\n\r\n \r\n \r\n \r\n \r\n \r\n \r\n \r\n \r\n \r\n \r\n <\/picture>\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n \r\n \r\n <\/div>\n \n
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Pour v\u00e9rifier les courants de court-circuit avec dispositifs de protection, l\u2019\u00e9nergie admissible par les c\u00e2bles est donn\u00e9e par le produit du carr\u00e9 de la section (en mm\u00b2) par le carr\u00e9 de K \u2014 une constante tenant compte de la r\u00e9sistivit\u00e9, du coefficient thermique et de la r\u00e9sistance thermique du mat\u00e9riau. Pour le PVC, K = 115.<\/p>\n

L\u2019\u00e9nergie coup\u00e9e limit\u00e9e support\u00e9e par les c\u00e2bles doit \u00eatre sup\u00e9rieure \u00e0 celle que laisse passer la protection, pour garantir leur protection.<\/p>\n

Prenons un c\u00e2ble PVC de 10 mm\u00b2. L\u2019\u00e9nergie maximale qu\u2019il peut supporter (K\u00b2\u00b7S\u00b2) est de 1 322 500 A\u00b2\u00b7s.<\/p>\n

Selon le graphique, une protection de 32 A face \u00e0 un court-circuit de 10 kA laisse passer environ 60 kA\u00b2\u00b7s, ce qui est inf\u00e9rieur \u00e0 ce que le c\u00e2ble peut supporter.<\/p>\n

La formule utilis\u00e9e suppose un ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne adiabatique (pas d\u2019\u00e9change thermique avec l\u2019ext\u00e9rieur).<\/p>\n

[IEC 60364-4-43] 431.5.4 Protection contre le courant de court-circuit pour les c\u00e2bles et les conducteurs isol\u00e9s<\/strong><\/p>\n

431.5.4.2 <\/strong>Pour les c\u00e2bles et les conducteurs isol\u00e9s, tout courant caus\u00e9 par un court-circuit<\/strong> survenant \u00e0 n\u2019importe quel point du circuit doit \u00eatre interrompu dans un d\u00e9lai ne d\u00e9passant pas celui qui am\u00e8nerait l\u2019isolation des conducteurs<\/strong> \u00e0 la temp\u00e9rature limite admissible<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

Pour des temps de fonctionnement des dispositifs de protection<\/strong> inf\u00e9rieurs \u00e0 0,1 s, o\u00f9 l\u2019asym\u00e9trie du courant<\/strong> est significative, et pour les dispositifs limitant le courant<\/strong>, la relation suivante doit \u00eatre respect\u00e9e :<\/p>\n


\u00a0 \u00a0k\u00b2\u00b7S\u00b2 \u2265 I\u00b2\u00b7t<\/strong>,<\/p>\n

o\u00f9 k\u00b2\u00b7S\u00b2<\/em> (constante thermique du conducteur au carr\u00e9 \u00d7 section au carr\u00e9) doit \u00eatre sup\u00e9rieure \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9nergie coup\u00e9e limit\u00e9e<\/strong>\u00a0(I\u00b2\u00b7t<\/strong>) indiqu\u00e9e par le fabricant du dispositif de protection<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<\/div> <\/div>\n \n \n

<\/div>\n \n\n <\/div>\n <\/section>\n\n \n\n\n\n\n \n \n \n
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\n Conclusions <\/h2>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n \n \n
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Limiter le courant dans un c\u00e2ble ne suffit pas pour le prot\u00e9ger contre l\u2019incendie. Une protection contre les surcharges prot\u00e8ge contre cet effet, mais pas contre les courts-circuits. Dans ce cas, le courant est trop \u00e9lev\u00e9 et trop rapide pour \u00eatre arretes \u00e0 temps par une simple protection contre les surcharges. La norme \u00e9lectrique traite ce probl\u00e8me en termes d\u2019\u00e9nergie coup\u00e9e limit\u00e9e.<\/p>\n

Ce concept est fondamental pour la s\u00e9curit\u00e9, car la plupart des dispositifs de protection sont en r\u00e9alit\u00e9 des limiteurs d\u2019\u00e9nergie.<\/p>\n<\/div> <\/div>\n \n \n

<\/div>\n \n\n <\/div>\n <\/section>\n\n \n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Pourquoi parle-t-on d’\u00e9nergie coup\u00e9e limit\u00e9e lorsqu’on aborde le th\u00e8me de la s\u00e9curit\u00e9 \u00e9lectrique ?
\nNe suffit-il pas de limiter le courant circulant dans un c\u00e2ble pour le prot\u00e9ger ?<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":47830,"parent":0,"menu_order":10,"template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"tipologia_approfondimento":[158],"class_list":["post-48198","approfondimento","type-approfondimento","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","tipologia_approfondimento-securite-electrique"],"acf":{"sottotitolo":"","allegati":null},"yoast_head":"\nL' \u00e9nergie coup\u00e9e limit\u00e9e - Gt-Engineering<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.gt-engineering.it\/fr\/approfondissement\/securite-electrique\/lenergie-de-passage-dans-les-protections-electriques\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"L' \u00e9nergie coup\u00e9e limit\u00e9e - Gt-Engineering\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Pourquoi parle-t-on d'\u00e9nergie coup\u00e9e limit\u00e9e lorsqu'on aborde le th\u00e8me de la s\u00e9curit\u00e9 \u00e9lectrique ? 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